Corns and calluses are thickened areas of skin that develop from repeated friction or pressure, but they have distinct differences:

Appearance:

• Corns are smaller, with a well-defined, concentrated centre that may be hard or waxy, often surrounded by inflamed skin. They can appear as circular or conical bumps. Calluses are larger, flatter, and more diffuse, with an overall thickened surface.

Location:

• Corns usually form on the tops, sides, or between toes, or on areas of the soles where pressure is focused. Calluses typically develop on weight-bearing areas such as the heels, balls of the feet, soles, or palms.

Cause:

• Corns result from concentrated friction or pressure, often from ill-fitting shoes, toe deformities, or repetitive rubbing of hands. Calluses develop from more diffuse pressure over broader areas, caused by repeated walking, standing, or manual work.

Pain:

• Corns are often sensitive and can be painful, especially when direct pressure is applied to the centre. Calluses are usually less sensitive but can become uncomfortable under prolonged or heavy pressure.​

A bunion, also known as hallux valgus, is a bony deformity that affects the joint at the base of the big toe. It occurs when the big toe deviates towards the other toes, causing the joint to protrude and form a bony bump on the side of the foot. This bump is often red, swollen, and tender.​

Bunions can be caused by various factors, including:

• Genetics: Certain foot shapes and inherited structural abnormalities can make some individuals more prone to developing bunions.

• Footwear: Wearing tight, narrow, or high-heeled shoes can put pressure on the toes and contribute to the development or progression of bunions.

• Foot stress or abnormalities: Conditions such as flat feet, abnormal foot mechanics, or inflammatory joint diseases can increase the risk of developing bunions.

Common symptoms associated with bunions include:

• Visible bump: A noticeable bump on the side of the foot, near the base of the big toe.

• Toe misalignment: The big toe may point inward or overlap with the second toe.

• Foot pain: The bunion area can be painful, especially during movement or when wearing tight shoes.

• Redness and swelling: The skin around the bunion can become inflamed and tender.​​

Athlete’s foot is a fungal infection that affects the feet, especially between the toes. It’s caused by dermatophyte fungi that thrive in warm, moist environments like locker rooms, public showers, and swimming pools.

Causes / risk factors:

Contact with contaminated surfaces

Sweaty or damp feet, especially in tight or non-breathable shoes

Poor foot hygiene

Sharing shoes, socks, or towels

Weakened immune system (e.g. diabetes or HIV)

Symptoms:

Itching and burning

Red, peeling, or cracked skin

Blisters or sores that may become painful or infected

Prevention:

Keep feet clean and dry, especially between the toes

Wear breathable shoes and moisture-wicking socks

Change socks and rotate shoes regularly

Use antifungal powders or creams in high-risk environments.

FHPs specialise in routine foot care, including nails, corns, calluses, and skin health, with an emphasis on prevention and maintenance. Podiatrists also specialise in general care, however, are qualified to manage complex medical, surgical, and systemic foot conditions.

• Accessibility: FHPs provide prompt, practical care for everyday foot problems, often at a lower cost.

• Expertise: FHPs excel in hands-on treatments, foot hygiene advice, and footwear guidance.

• Patient care: FHPs focus on keeping feet comfortable and preventing issues from worsening.

• Collaboration: FHPs work with podiatrists or other specialists when advanced treatment is needed.

• Regulation: FHPs are registered with the Register for Foot Health Practitioners (RFHP), ensuring professional standards. Podiatrists in the UK are regulated by the Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC).